Vitamin E is an essential nutrient to support fertility and a powerful fat-soluble antioxidant, which protects cell membranes against damage caused by free radicals. It was one of the first two antioxidant compounds to be sold as dietary supplements, the second being vitamin C. The term vitamin E encompasses a group of eight compounds, called tocopherols and tocotrienols, with various subsets of each, that comprise the vitamin E complex as it is found in nature. Each of these different compounds has distinct chemistries and biological effects, such as neuroprotection,^1,2,3 liver protection,⁴ hair growth^5,6 and cholesterol-lowering activities by tocotrienols^7,8,9.

First Era of Vitamin E

While there are eight vitamin E isoforms in nature, the vitamin E used in dietary supplements in the early days (the 1960s to 1990s) was the form of alpha-tocopherol, either synthetic (dl-alpha-tocopherol) or natural (d-alpha-tocopherol)—as it was erroneously thought to have the highest vitamin E activity. According to the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Science (“Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids”), the other forms of vitamin E (non-alpha-tocopherols such as gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienols) did not have international unit (IU) of vitamin E activity. Only alpha-tocopherol contributes to IU of vitamin E activity: 1 mg of natural alpha-tocopherol is equivalent to 1.49 IU of vitamin E activity.

Hence, the first era of vitamin E science and products were focused on the single isoform of natural/synthetic alpha-tocopherol with high level on IU of vitamin E activity, such as vitamin E products with 400 IU, 800 IU, 1,000 IU and 2,000 IU.

Second Era of Vitamin E

In mid-late 1990s/early 2000, as more research was conducted on non-alpha-tocopherol forms of vitamin E (such as gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienols), the scientific community began to realize that while they do not contribute to IU of vitamin E activity, they do possess unique and stronger biological activities, physiologically, than alpha-tocopherol.

In addition, at around the same time, published studies and bad press of vitamin E started to appear in mainstream media, such as Journal of the American Medical Association,^{10,11,12,13,14} with the latest in October 2010—the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), which reported vitamin E 400 IU/d (from natural or synthetic alpha-tocopherol) did not help reduce the risk of cardiovascular and prostate diseases.¹⁵ Such studies had unfortunately resulted in a bad or negative impression of vitamin E to consumers alike, and caused the decline in interest and sales of vitamin E, in general.

As a result, scientists, formulators, supplement companies and nutritionists started to look into the science of vitamin E, and rationalize that with the unique and stronger biological activities of gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienols, the most ideal formula for vitamin E is a product that combines both mixed tocopherol (with lower IU of vitamin E activity, such as vitamin E 200 IU) and mixed-tocotrienols.

Vitamin E Transport Mechanism—Tocopherol Transport Protein (TTP)

One of the main concerns of vitamin E complete formulas is the issue of tocopherol transport proteins (TTP)—the known transport mechanism for vitamin E isoforms. As TTP has low affinity to tocotrienols, they were thought to not be efficiently absorbed into the plasma, or that tocopherols compete with tocotrienols for the same transport protein. This has since been debunked by a group of researchers from Ohio State University Waxner Medical Center who conducted a study on TTP-knockout mice.¹⁶ This study revealed that tocotrienol was transported to and accumulated in vital organs, even without the presence of TTPs. In short, there is a secondary transport mechanism for tocotrienol. Further, a human tissue distribution study published in 2012 using bio-enhanced palm tocotrienol/tocopherol complex (as EVNol SupraBio™ from ExcelVite)¹⁷ showed tocotrienols were effectively transported to and accumulated in vital human organs such as the brain, liver, heart and skin, even in the presence of alpha-tocopherol.

Third Era of Vitamin E

With the sophistication of the dietary supplement market, perhaps it is time to revisit the vitamin E that we have right now. Is this the best form of vitamin E? What can be done to make it more meaningful to consumers, based on current trends and scientific evidence? What do consumers—particularly Millennials—expect from the industry? Here are a few factors that may influence consumers’ selection of a vitamin E product:

Natural, vegetable-based, full-spectrum tocopherol extracts are commonly derived from soy and rapeseed, whereas palm oil is the richest source of full-spectrum tocotrienol. For the Non-GMO project-verified vitamin E, rapeseed and palm oil are the preferred options.

Being a fat-soluble compound, absorption is a common issue for vitamin E tocopherols and tocotrienols. For example, the absolute absorption rate for gamma- and delta-tocotrienol is less than 10 percent¹⁸. To have better uptake of vitamin E in the body, a good, self-emulsifying delivery system is essential.

Finally, FDA has unveiled a new nutrition facts label—where the labeling for vitamin E activity will change from IU to “mg,” effective Jan 1, 2020. This new labeling system will enhance consumer’s awareness as to the right recommended daily vitamin E amount and help consumers choose the right form of vitamin E to consume.

WH Leong is CEO of ExcelVite (excelvite.com), Bryan See is business development manager at ExcelVite Inc. USA), and Diyanah Roslan is a nutritionist at ExcelVite Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia.

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