Twelve corporate entities and four individual defendants targeted by U.S. regulators settled charges that they deceptively marketed dietary supplements for “cognitive improvement” using a variety of shady tactics from bogus news websites to fraudulent consumer and celebrity endorsements.

The supplement marketers also referenced clinical studies that didn’t exist and used affiliate marketers to make deceptive claims about products sold under different names, including Geniux, Xcel, EVO and Ion-Z, according to an FTC news release.

Among the alleged fraudulent behavior regulators identified:

FTC officials continue to target false advertising claims aimed at vulnerable populations, such as the elderly who are seeking ways to alleviate the symptoms of aging, such as memory loss. 

“With an aging population, it is more important than ever that advertisers have solid evidence to back up their claims about memory and cognitive health benefits,” said Andrew Smith, director of FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection, in a statement. “Moreover, the FTC will hold companies accountable when they deceptively design their ads to look like news articles and fabricate celebrity endorsements and consumer testimonials.”

FTC approved two separate proposed orders settling FTC’s charges in this case. The first order resolves the allegations against the following individuals: Fred Richard Guerra, III; Lanty Paul Gray, Jr.; and Rafat Abbas; as well as corporate defendants Global Community Innovations LLC, Innovated Health LLC, Emerging Nutrition Inc., Buddha My Bread LLC, Innovative Fulfillment LLC, Ship Smart LLC, Vista Media LLC, Ash Abbas LLC, DCT Marketing Inc. and RNA Enterprise Inc.

The second order resolves the allegations against Robby O. Salaheddine as well as corporate defendants Premium Health Supplies LLC and ROS Marketing & Consulting LLC.

Under the settlements, the defendants are banned from engaging in the conduct government officials alleged violated the FTC Act. Combined, the judgments in two proposed orders filed in U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Ohio exceed $26 million. But the majority of the judgment amounts will be suspended after the defendants pay a total of $623,000 based on their financial conditions.

Jennifer Armstrong, an attorney in Cleveland who represented several of the defendants, did not immediately respond to a request for comment for this article.