Recyclable: Paper, metal and glass packaging materials can be recycled. Food safety considerations regarding chemical contamination for direct food contact packaging are minimal for metal and glass, but paper recycled from non-food uses (e.g., office paper with optical brighteners or newspaper printed with mineral oil inks) is not suitable for direct food contact. Polyester plastic (PET) from beverage bottles is recovered and recycled with sufficient assurance of cleanliness to be re-used for the same kinds of products, but most of the other kinds of plastic are not re-used as food packaging. FTC limits claims of “recyclable” except where local recycling facilities are available.

Compostable: This property can refer to either or both “backyard” recycling or “municipal” composting. The latter process applies to a broader range of materials because of its managed temperature and handling procedures. Most papers, cellophane and a few types of plastics have independent third-party “compostable certifications” to global composting performance standards.

Renewable: Paper and cellophane are of course the consummate renewable packaging materials and various “sustainable forestry” certifications attest to good practices used to grow and harvest the natural fiber used in them. “Renewable plastics” have received significant research and investment resources in recent years. Some, like Coke’s “plant bottle,” use natural fermentation processes to transform various plant materials into the same chemical building blocks used by plastics made from fossil fuels. Others use various advanced biochemical methods to produce “new polymers” otherwise not made from fossil fuel sources.